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×10−&sup6; /°C
MPa
MPa
MPa

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°C
°C

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Formula reference

Thermal stress (constrained rail):

σ = E × α × |ΔT|

Longitudinal force:

F = σ × A / 1000   (A in mm², F in kN)

Temperature difference:

ΔT = Tcurrent − Tneutral   (+ve = compression, −ve = tension)